Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 102nd issue of the biweekly report.
The development of X200, SpacemiT's third-generation high-performance RISC-V processor core derived from XiangShan Kunming Lake V2, has been completed. Based on a conventional cloud-computing processor core, X200 has been specifically optimized for cloud-side Agent applications and flagship end-device Agent applications. Its SPECint 2006 performance reaches 16.0 points/GHz, and its single-core frequency can reach 3.3GHz. Compared with X100, its performance per core has improved by more than 100%, reaching 50 SPECint 2006 points/Core.
Even more encouraging than the fact that X200 builds on Kunming Lake V2 is that the full XiangShan open-source infrastructure was used throughout X200's development. This is the part below the surface that supports X200 on its path toward production readiness. These open-source toolchains greatly accelerated X200's development on top of XiangShan and provided strong assurance for its quality.
As for recent XiangShan development, the frontend is implementing 2-fetch while optimizing timing; the backend and memory teams fixed several functional bugs and continued advancing the new L2 design; XSAI added FP8 support for the matrix unit while also improving code quality and evaluation tools.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 101st issue of the biweekly report.
The design document of Kunming Lake V3 has been gradually released, and we welcome everyone to read and discuss it with us! Currently, the new design document includes two modules: ICache and BPU. The design documents for other modules will be released as development progresses. The design document is still available at https://docs.xiangshan.cc/projects/design/zh-cn/. If you are interested in the design document of Kunming Lake V2, you can switch branches at the bottom right corner of the webpage to view it.
As for recent XiangShan core development, the frontend optimized branch predictor timing, while backend and memory teams fixed bugs and continued module refactoring and testing.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 100th issue of the biweekly report.
Before we knew it, XiangShan Biweekly has reached its 100th issue. At this special milestone, the XiangShan project also welcomes an important new member: XiangShan AI (XSAI), a unified general-purpose-and-inference AI processor implemented on top of XiangShan’s open-source, high-performance RISC-V processor. Starting from this issue, the biweekly will include XSAI development updates.
XSAI is the XiangShan team’s exploration of unified general-purpose-and-inference AI chips on top of its existing RISC-V CPU ecosystem, and a practical application of XiangShan’s agile development methodology. The Beijing Institute of Open Source Chip, together with the Microprocessor Technology Research Center and the Center for Advanced Computer Systems at the Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, jointly participate in XSAI development. Like XiangShan, XSAI is also a fully open-source project, and its repository is available at https://github.com/OpenXiangShan/XSAI. In 2026, we will gradually release instruction extension manuals, architecture documentation, and user manuals, and open-source our development toolchain.
In addition, we would like to give you a sneak peek that the XiangShan tutorial at ISCA 2026 in Raleigh, USA at the end of June will also include content on the XSAI unified general-purpose-and-inference processor for the first time. We look forward to seeing you there!
As for recent XiangShan core development, the frontend optimized branch predictor timing, while backend and memory teams fixed bugs and continued module refactoring and testing.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 99th issue of the biweekly report.
On March 26th, "XiangShan" + "Ruyi" were officially released at the ZGC Forum Annual Conference! Readers of the biweekly report are probably already familiar with XiangShan, so we won't go into details here. Ruyi (openRuyi) is a RISC-V native operating system jointly developed by the Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Ruyi community. During the development process, it closely collaborates with the XiangShan team to achieve deep adaptation and optimization for XiangShan's open-source high-performance RISC-V processors. This kind of software-hardware co-design is a key step in building the RISC-V ecosystem and is one of the core competitive advantages of the "XiangShan + Ruyi" open-source community. We hope to work together with the entire community to promote software-hardware co-innovation and build an open, inclusive, and prosperous RISC-V ecosystem.
Ruyi ecosystem diagram, provided by ISCAS
In terms of XiangShan, this release includes the "KunMingHu" processor core, the world's first open-source on-chip interconnect network for data centers "WenYuHe", and the first terminal open-source on-chip interconnect IP "ZhuJiang". The V100 server chip based on the "KunMingHu" processor core, which was exhibited at the conference, was designed and taped out by our partner SpacemiT. The measured single-core performance reaches a score of 16.5/GHz in SPEC2006, making it the world's first open-source processor core that fully supports the RVA23 profile and has the highest single-core performance.
The V100 processor exhibited on site, photo by XianDong Zhu
In addition, the next-generation "KunMingHu" joint development plan was officially launched at the conference. We will work together with the Institute of Computing Technology, Institute of Software, Institute of Information Engineering, CAS, as well as industry and research units such as SpacemiT, ESWIN Computing, Tencent, Lirui Microelectronics, China Mobile, China Telecom, Alibaba DAMO Academy, Moore Threads, SOPHGO, and Lanxin Computing to promote the industrialization of XiangShan's core technologies and further enhance the competitiveness of the XiangShan series in the high-performance computing field. We strive to build an innovative base for high-performance RISC-V chips to support enterprises in developing more competitive products.
Group photo of the launch of the joint development plan
We also prepared an exclusive benefit for readers of the biweekly report, showing the V100 installed in a server~
V100 Server
Regarding the recent development progress of XiangShan, the frontend has fixed some performance bugs in BPU, the backend has optimized the timing of some modules, and the memory subsystem continues to refactor and test modules.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 98th issue of the biweekly report.
Kunminghu V2 has been returned from the fab! We are currently conducting intensive testing, and more information will be disclosed in the future. Stay tuned!
Regarding the recent development progress of XiangShan, the frontend has fixed some performance bugs in BPU, the backend has optimized the timing of some modules, and the memory subsystem continues to undergo refactoring and testing.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 97th issue of the biweekly report.
Regarding the recent development progress of XiangShan, ~~the XiangShan team had a happy Chinese New Year holiday~~. For more details, please refer to the Recent Developments section. ~~But it's not all for nothing~~, we also prepared a little fun fact about the development of XiangShan for everyone.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 96th issue of the biweekly report.
Happy Chinese New Year! Welcome to our biweekly column during the Spring Festival, and we wish you in the new year:
Frontend has the precise prediction like a unicorn, and career opportunities are never misjudged;
The pipeline runs like a thousand horses, everything goes smoothly and in parallel;
The memory subsystem is as vigorous as a dragon horse, and the happy data is inexhaustible;
The memory access path is like a vast grassland, and the happy address is always mapped in the heart;
The cache hierarchy is as warm as spring, and every precious memory is within reach;
The bus bandwidth is like a thousand-mile horse, and the good luck signal arrives immediately at your side!
We also shared the wonderful review of the tutorial hosted by XiangShan team at HPCA 2026. Please visit https://tutorial.xiangshan.cc/hpca26/ to review the content of this tutorial and get the slides. The next tutorial will be held at ISCA 2026 in Raleigh, North Carolina, USA in late June, and we look forward to seeing you again!
Regarding the recent development progress of XiangShan, ~~the XiangShan team is also having a happy Chinese New Year.~~ For the limited details, please see the recent progress section.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 95th issue of the biweekly report.
The high-performance DDR4 memory controller IP, Baiyang, developed by the XiangShan team has been officially released! If you haven't read it yet, please check out our Baiyang release article for more details. Here, we would like to share an exclusive story with you. On January 31st, XiangShan presented a tutorial at HPCA 2026, which included an introduction to Baiyang. The night before the presentation, Baiyang was still being prepared for open source, and the repository was made public just before the tutorial started the next day. ~~Deadlines are indeed the best productivity boosters~~.
Last week, we introduced new GCC15 and XSCC compilers. These two compilers offer more than 10% performance improvement compared to the existing GCC12. Now, XiangShan's SPEC CPU2006 performance has reached 18.5 points/GHz. In this issue of the biweekly report, we provide a comparative analysis of different compilers. In future development, we will gradually switch to GCC15 and XSCC compilers, while focusing more on compiler and hardware co-optimization. The specific scores for different compilers are still in the performance evaluation section, so stay tuned!
In terms of recent development progress, on the frontend side, MBTB has introduced the LRU replacement algorithm and uses accurate prediction results from TAGE-SC for updates to improve branch prediction accuracy. On the backend side, an I2F functional unit has been added to support i2f type instructions of FMV and FCVT, and og1Payload has been added to the integer IQ to optimize selection timing. In terms of memory access and cache, the timeout judgment logic in Sbuffer has been fixed, and the timeout threshold is configured through SMBLOCKCTL in CSR. For more details, please refer to the recent progress section.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 94th issue of the biweekly report.
In terms of XiangShan development, the frontend team is wrapping up the 1-taken 1-fetch architecture while exploring the 2-taken 2-fetch architecture; the backend team continues to advance the design of the vector unit and refactor multiple modules; the memory access team has fixed several bugs and is continuing to explore prefetching and MDP.
Welcome to XiangShan biweekly column! Through this column, we will regularly share the latest development progress of XiangShan. This is the 93rd issue of the biweekly report.
This is the first issue of the biweekly report in 2026! In the past year of 2025, the XiangShan team has made solid progress and achieved multiple important milestones with high quality:
First industrial application. The second-generation XiangShan Nanhu has been integrated as the main control CPU into the latest generation chips by Moore Threads and Chipown Technology, with Moore Threads shipping tens of thousands of units; the third-generation XiangShan Kunminghu has completed product-level delivery for the first batch of SoC chips, with two companies completing SoC chip tape-out in October and November respectively, and will receive in Q1 2026.
Won the first Open Source Contribution Award from the CCF Architecture Committee of the China Computer Federation
The "XiangShan" open-source processor core was selected as one of the representative scientific research achievements of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 2025 and was included in the New Year message of CAS President Hou Jianguo
Presented tutorials at top conferences such as ISCA, HPCA, MICRO, introducing the latest progress of XiangShan to the world
Multiple tools have been developed and papers published at top international conferences, such as GSIM (DAC25), DiffTest-H (MICRO25), TraceRTL (HPCA26), UCAgent, etc.
Several papers based on XiangShan evaluations have been published in top international conferences
Verification work has been continuously improved, successfully passing multiple milestone tests such as 8-core consistency verification and booting GUI OpenEuler
Kunminghu V3 became the new default branch, with the latest performance surpassing Kunminghu V2
Hosted community events such as RISC-V Hackathon and Documentation Bug Hunt, and had enthusiastic exchanges with friends around the world who care about the progress of XiangShan at the second XiangShan Open Source Community Conference
XiangShan Compiler (XSCC) released, XiangShan now has its own compiler
The AI intelligent agent UCAgent from the "One Chip for All" team was released, successfully hosting the first open-source chip hackathon
A new year means a new beginning. In 2026, XiangShan will continue to implement the new concept of "open source", continuously promote the iterative development of Kunminghu V3 and the construction of the open source community. We sincerely thank everyone for their companionship and support for XiangShan!
In terms of XiangShan development, the new front-end of 1-taken and 1-fetch has been basically completed; the back-end continues to advance the design and implementation of the new vector unit while refactoring existing code; the memory system continues to refactor modules such as MMU, LoadUnit, StoreQueue, L2, and fixes some bugs.
